Interpersonal Communication Reflective Paper on the Movie Crash Essay

The motion picture Crash is an extremely thought provoking movie about the underlying racial tensions in our society, with the representation of black, Hispanic, and Middle Eastern ethnicities and the stereotypes associated with each. The movie Crash is unique because instead of showing characters at their best, like most popular movies do, the characters are instead stressed out and pushed to their own emotional limits. In the movie, crashing comes from beliefs in stereotypes, pre-conceived judgments, and racial discrimination. These negative elements run rampant throughout the movie in attempt to show a typical day in the life for the people of Los Angeles. No matter how hard some of the characters try to negate their own racial stereotype, in some way or form it becomes inevitable that they must live out the stereotype to exist in the society they live in. The character I will be analyzing throughout this paper is Officer John Ryan who was played by Matt Dillon. Ryan is a middle-a ged police officer in Los Angeles, California who has been with the force for seventeen years, with a knack for being exceedingly racist in his multiple encounters with African Americans. Although Officer Ryan is an incredibly verbal person, his use of nonverbal communication speaks even louder. From the beginning of the movie, Ryan displays character of a man that’s full arrogance and superiority. He seems to have a â€Å"better than thou† attitude. This is prevalent in the way he way he carries himself; shoulders back, chest out, and head cocked. He has looks of the â€Å"typical† All American male; tall, dark, and seemingly handsome with a loud and stately voice. I depict Ryan as a white supremacist. Not only is he racial, but also sees himself as being above those of color. He seems to think that he is entitled to the power that comes from his ethnicity. He believes that because he is a white male living in North  America, he is somewhat at the â€Å"top of the food chain†. Throughout the film, there are consecutive occurrences when Officer Ryan uses nonverbal and interpersonal communication to assert his authority and social supremacy. The first instance being when Officer Ryan pulled over Cameron and Christine, a classy black couple, for p resumably taking part in oral sex whilst maneuvering a vehicle. Ryan had so much underlying hatred towards blacks; he used his power to exercise inappropriate behavior towards an innocent couple of color. After asking Christine to put her hands on the car, he then began to feel her up and touch her body in an unacceptable manner right in front of her husband, the whole time acting as though he was â€Å"checking for weapons†. And after witnessing the conflict between Officer Ryan and Cameron, Hansen suggests that Officer Ryan be removed from the LAPD. He was soon shocked to find that the LAPD does not share workplace values or norms that are expected of law enforcement officers. Ryan’s actions are noted by his superior, however, because he has such a strong network density (how connected each network member is to other members) the superior officer refuses to dismiss Ryan, but transfers Hansen to another car. hen he shook hands with Hansen, he held on and squeezed extremely tight, assuring him that after years of doing this, he will become a different person; implying that after some time of working in the force, he, too, will become racist. Again, he was using this hand gesture to exert authority over one of his colleagues. In our society, particularly the South, there are many people with mindsets alike Officer Ryan. Although there are many people who would instantly recognize the racial injustices of his behavior, there are also many people who would justify it because of the general stereotype of blacks. The media somewhat perpetuates the stereotype of blacks simply by showing their gang activity, criminal accounts, and poverty levels. However, I think that officers Ryan’s hatred toward blacks stems from bad personal experiences of his own, particularly one with his father. As a result, every offense a black person commits reinforces his misinterpretation of the black population as a whole. Instead of seeing a person who commits a crime as a sinful human being who has made wrong decisions in life, he assumes the reason they commit such crimes is merely because they are black. As we continue lookin at Ryan, there were two very significant emotional moments for Ryan’s father with health coverage, Ryan  experienced the primary emotion of anger. He interpreted this event in an extremely negative way: because Shaniqua was black and made him angry, he believed that all black people were against him. While it is debatable whether or not he always had a negative mood towards African-Americans, there is certainly no denying a change in feelings. The result of this emotion was neuroticism on Ryan’s part, focusing only on the negatives, and subsequently venting on Cameron and Christine Thayer which violated socially acceptable display rules. The second emotional event for Ryan was when he eventually saves Christine Thayer from a car crash. He must save Christine by communicating with her, but the fear and anger she has towards Ryan because of his abuse hinders his ability to do so. It is in that moment that Ryan realizes what his actions and mismanagement of emotions had caused. Only through supportive communication, sharing messages that express emotional support and offer personal assistance, is John able to save Christine. There is a sense of reappraisal in Ryan’s second emotional encounter. The crash made him rethink about his previous actions toward African-Americans, and thus caused a change in how they impacted him emotionally. Conclusively, I see Officer Ryan as a very intriguing character. At the beginning of the movie, I thought he was just a racist jerk who didn’t care about anyone except for himself. The way he treated Cameron and Christine made it very apparent that he didn’t feel any shame in completely humiliating and taking advantage of two innocent people. However, as the movie progressed, you see him living with his dad and waking up in the middle of the night to take care of him and his health problem. Then you see him seeking out extreme measures to try and receive some alternate health care for his hurting father. And finally at the climax scene of the movie you see him risk his own life to save a black woman. At the end of the movie, I saw Ryan not as a selfish uncaring person but as a man who has let certain individuals change his perception on an entire race of people. Because he is a cop, he deals with all of the black people who DO live up to their stereotype and hardly ever comes in contact with the black people who are good and responsible citizens. He let his bitterness consume him.

Netw310 Lab Report Week 3

NETW310 Week 3 Lab Report To complete your Week 3 lab report, discuss the questions below concerning the installation of structured cabling. Create your report using the template starting on page 2 and submit it to the Week 3 Dropbox by the due date. Your Name NETW310, Professor’s Name Current Date Lab #3, Installation of Structured Cabling Lab Report Each answer is worth 2. 8 points. Use a red colored font for you answers. Place the answers below the questions 1. How often are network standards reviewed? . What category of UTP cabling is the minimum for a telephone cable? 3. What category of cabling should be installed as a best practice for a telephone cable? 4. What is the problem with leaving abandoned cable in place in a building? 5. Why must the twisting in the individual wires be maintained in a UTP cable? 6. How many wires does a gigabit cable use? 7. Is the labeling standard commonly used or not used? 8. Grounding should be attached to what in the building? 9.Horizont al cabling connects what areas to each other? 10. What is a plenum rated cable? 11. What is a riser tube used for? 12. What is the code for plenum rated horizontal cable? 13. How many wires in a UTP cable does Fast Ethernet use? 14. How many inches should separate UTP cable from 120 volt electrical cable? 15. What is the reason for grounding jumpers on each connection in ladder rack? 16. Why should overfilling of a riser tube be avoided? 17. Is the grounding of equipment a safety or a performance concern? 8. What are the current recognized horizontal cabling categories? 19. May an existing Category 5 cable be used to make network connections? 20. In the example used here what does the firestop material consist of? 21. In what circumstances will poorly installed cabling still function? 22. Why should the outer cover on a UTP cable be maintained in place? 23. Does cable labeling impact network performance? 24. May CM cable be used in the plenum space? 25. Why should a plastic riser tu be not be used?

Apple-Merging Technology, Business and Entertainment Essay

1. Explain how Apple achieved business success through the use of: a. Information I think, the chief point is market information. In 2000, Steve Jobs found the reality in society that millions of people were using computers and burners to make audio CDs and to download digital songs from illegal online services like Napster. And then, Jobs was worried that he was looking in the wrong direction and he had missed the Mp3 bandwagon. b.information technology Firstly, after Jobs found the market information firstly, he bought the SoundStep from Jeff Robbin, moreover, Robbin and a couple of other programmers began writing code from scratch and developed the first version of ITunes. Secondly, Jobs make iTunes portable. Thirdly, after the ipod was born, Jobs noticed the last key element was missing, online store for buying downloadable songs, and then he achieve it. c.people person’s sensitivity, expert and initiative, for example: No.1 is Steve Jobs, the market information founder, he is a sensitivity man. No.2 are Steve Jobs and other programmers, they are all expert in information technology. No.3 is Join Lin, an initiative man. 2.Describe the types of information employees at an Apple store might require. The consumer’s want , the competitors’ technology and the personal income . 3.Describe the types of information the executives at Apple’s corporate headquarters require. Market information, current trends, product’s benefit and company’s capitalization. 4.How are the two groups above going to obtain the information†¦i.e. what types of systems, IT components, software, etc are needed. â‘  I think, the employees can obtain information from what the consumer or colleague’s say, the local area network in the company and the system of company’s information delivery. They need computer, the software of company’s information delivery and other’s necessary IT components. â‘ ¡The executive at corporate headquarters can obtain information from the various information platform, for example, financial system, market early warning system and ERP etc. They need computer and correlative software. 5.When you think of the Apple brand, what images come to mind? There is no doubt, up to date, Apple is success, in the diversification market, Apple found his own product different from others, and then Apple continue innovating and combining, achieved great success. 6.What kind of Business Culture do you believe exists at Apple? The first one is innovating and creating spirit; the second is combining, I believe. 7.Use your â€Å"Crystal Ball†, to predict what new innovative ideas you believe will come from Apple in the future. It is possible that Apple will make more products in the digital information system, they do not only create music software, but also they can make videotex product, because videotext product is the new trends in current society. 8.From an investment perspective, what do you think of Apple’s future? If Apple continue innovating and creating base on the new trends, I think of Apple’s future is better, maybe Apple will become the biggest sof tware cooperation just as Microsoft and IBM in the world.

Demand and Supply in Organization Success Research Paper - 14

Demand and Supply in Organization Success - Research Paper Example Thus by understanding the consumer demands, the organization can identify their desires and will only stock the commodities that provide utility to the users. Hence, the organization will have a wider knowledge of what the demands are relative to what the supplier can offer at a particular market rate (Bustinza, Parry, & Vendrell-Herrero, 2013). Thus, prices and availability of goods and services are predetermined to the consumer. This ensures that customers do not miss out on their wants whenever they come to purchase a particular commodity. Thus, trust and loyalty are built between the two parties that will result in more sales hence increased profits to the firm. Rain checks are forms of compensations that are usually offered to consumers when the goods and services they had ordered are unavailable majorly due to the organization being out of stock or late deliveries. Customers are thus promised the assistance to acquire the products at prices indicated earlier and did not have to spend more regardless of any economic crisis like inflation. Customers are thus assured to get their services or be compensated and will not encounter any losses that create a mutual trust for both parties. However, to say this is a fair treatment of consumers is understatement due to economic injustice it creates to the consumers. Individuals usually derive their satisfaction at a particular time and have more tastes to it is provided during that period rather than a later date. Thus, postponement of the consummation of a particular good or service may lower the satisfaction of products to customers and reducing their utility.

McWorld Vs. Jihad by Benjamin Barber Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

McWorld Vs. Jihad by Benjamin Barber - Essay Example Neither of these two sides wishes to compromise, as the corporations are only worried about expanding their company in order to maximize profits and the tribal communities are only concern with keeping the corporations away, so conflict will always exist. Also, neither of these two sides is interested in democracy, so a battle of wills is taking place in these regions. This book does an excellent job of describing the problems that have occurred since globalization became a reality and the ideas that are presented here can be applied to a number of present day issues in society. The most obvious place where this ideology can be applied is in the Middle East, where militants have become tired of the Americanization of their economies and have decided to do something about it. In these places, war has always been a common answer to problems, as the various tribes in these areas have been feuding for centuries. Conflict is nothing new in the Middle East, so it should not be surprising that there has been a violent uprising in response to the globalization that had been attempting to sweep through the region. Since the region is very rich in oil reserves, corporations feel as though there are ways to make money off of the situation. This greed has made the area very attractive, but this attraction has come at a price. Different groups of people lay claim to various regions in the Middle East, even to the point where the present day borders are disputed regularly. Jihad and McWorld are moving in completely opposite directions, with one siding wishing to make the world a smaller place and the other side wishing to isolate the various tribes so that they each have their own space and are left alone. The problem, according to Barber, is that neither of these sides act democratically, which will causes for the current problems to last well into

Commitment to Diversity in the American Cancer Society, A Non Profit Assignment

Commitment to Diversity in the American Cancer Society, A Non Profit Organization - Assignment Example There is a separate section on the webpage in which complete details about how the organization is managing diversity is properly explained. The study of Third Sector New England (2010) has provided detailed information about organizational commitment to managing diversity and it is appropriately applied in ACS. Some issues related to gender, race and religion are found in many organizations as they have some difficulty in fulfilling their commitment to managing diversity among their workforce (Krietz, 2007). According to ACS (2012) and CancerNYNJ News (2011), there have been no severe diversity issues faced by the organization as it has addressed all the potential problems carefully so that it doesn’t encounter any problems in the long-run. All the content provided on organization’s website is related to diversity and all latest articles, guidelines and happenings of the organization are posted on its site. All the information provided on the site is updated till year 2007, code of conduct is updated as of 2000 (no updating is done afterwards) and everything is well-integrated on the website. Images and pictures uploaded on the website are limited; although it is showing how it is managing diversity among its patients but there are few selected pictures related to staff and volunteers that how is it ensuring that diversity is properly managed. ACS website can be enhanced by learning few points from the websites of Young Nonprofit Professionals Network of Chicago (YNPN Chicago) and Girl Scouts of the U.S.A (GSUSA). Since websites are the main source of communication between the Non-profit organizations and its stakeholders, it is crucial that all the information about how it is managing diversity issues in organizations and fulfilling its commitment to managing it within the organization so that organizations can perform at their best. Third Sector New England (2010).

Strategic Analysis and Choice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Strategic Analysis and Choice - Essay Example In 1994, BMW acquired Mini. (Seidel, 2004) It was in 1998 when BMW decided to acquire Rolls-Royce Motor for  £340 million. Volkswagen outbid the said amount at the price of  £430 million. However, since BMW was a supplier of engines and other components to Rolls-Royce, BMW was given the right to carry the name of Rolls-Royce name and logo. (Think Quest, 2006) As a sign of BMW competency and success as a luxury car manufacturer, BMW’s most recent financial report revealed that the company has reached a total gross profit of â‚ ¬5,422 million as of 2005. (BMW Group, 2005) Established back in 1989, Lexus was launched by Toyota Motor Corporation with the purpose of creating a world-class luxury car brand. (Edmunds.com, 2007) Since then, the company has been known for its innovative engineering and meticulous quality. For many years, the company is very much focused in developing new models and other related technological innovations. Despite the fact the Lexus has only been in the global automobile industry less than 20 years, Lexus has been considered as one of the big winners of the European car market back in 2006. (Edmondson, 2007) The company was able to increase its sales by up to 72% in 2006 with 36,662 car units within 15 European Union countries. (Edmondson, 2006) Back in 2005, Lexus together with Toyota was able to sell a total of 964,208 units as compared to BMW’s 632,396 sold units throughout Europe. (Edmondson, 2006) To give us a better insight regarding the main purpose of Michael Porter’s competitive advantage model, the researcher will discuss about the arguments of different authors concerning the accuracy and the main use of this model. For the purpose of this study, the researcher will determine each of the company’s strength aside from using Porter’s model as part of analyzing its corresponding competitive advantages.

Enterprise risk management Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Enterprise risk management - Literature review Example ERM involves taking a proactive view of the entire business or organisation rather than looking at risk as simply a matter of special project overview to identify threats. It goes far beyond the typical SWOT analysis that looks at different weaknesses and threats and recognises the whole of the business as a functional unit that is inter-connected whereby multitudes of risk possibilities exist. This literature review describes what constitutes enterprise risk management, its major components and also provides an identification of how an ERM programme can be designed into virtually any industry. 2. Defining a stable ERM programme Enterprise risk management is defined as: â€Å"The discipline by which an organisation in any industry assesses, controls, exploits, finances, and monitors risks from all sources for the purpose of increasing the organisation’s short- and long-term value to its stakeholders† (casact.org, 2003, p.8). What makes ERM different from typical risk ma nagement programmes is that it recognises strategic imperatives, thus making it an ongoing part of strategic analysis often dictated by executive leadership and Board governance. Generally, risk management programmes are short-term objectives associated with special project teams, thereby somewhat ignoring the long-term prospects of risk mitigation in multiple areas of the business. Kimmel & Anderson (2010) identify five specific elements of an ERM system to include: 1. Linking risk management to the organisation’s strategy, values and culture – This definition insists that enterprise risk management is linked to the operational and human capital components of the organisation and is tied directly to organisational structure and design. 2. Providing management with a comprehensive and repeatable knowledge base so as to understand how to identify and assess potential risk factors. 3. Assignment of specific roles and responsibilities tied to governance for ERM. 4. The ab ility to provide higher valued knowledge so that managers can make better operational and financial business decisions. 5. Providing risk-related knowledge so that auditing and monitoring is an ongoing part of the programme design. Most organisations that utilise ERM systems recognise four categories of objectives in order to assist organisations in meeting long- and short-term strategic goals. These include, as offered by Moore (2010): 1. Strategic imperatives – These are high-level goals that help align the organisation to its overall mission and value proposition. 2. Operational components – Helping to achieve efficient and effective use of resources organisation-wide, such as marketing, production and accounting (as relevant examples). 3. Reporting – Reporting aspects include financial figures and overall business strengths as related to stakeholders and shareholders. 4. Compliance – Laws and regulatory compliance such as Sarbanes Oxley and other labo ur-related laws that drive business structure and operations. These four objectives are part of the COSO model that is widely used in most organisations that have developed an ERM system, one of the most common models of ERM available. It is a comprehensive tool for identifying and managing risk factors (Moore, 2010). Enterprise risk management is beneficial to the business as it creates a teamwork

Business Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business Law - Assignment Example Peter accepted the price of $ 190 and Mary took the bicycle away. The case scenario deals with the conditions surrounding the formation of valid business contracts. A contract is defined as an agreement between two parties that creates legal obligation to the two parties to perform or abstain from performing a certain obligation or action (Farnsworth, 1991). A contract must entail an offer by one party and acceptance of the offer by the other party. The advertisement placed in the local newspaper by Peter is not an offer but an invitation to treat. Peter is inviting interested persons to make an offer for the purchase of the bicycle. Accordingly, advertisements are classified as invitations to treat since the seller can refuse to sell the item at price if it is mistakenly marked (Blum, 2007). The advertisement is displayed to a larger number of people with an undefined way of selecting whom to sell the bicycle. For instance, the advertisement does not clarify whether to sell the bicy cle to the first person to accept the labeled price. It this case, the advertisement is geared at generating interests and prolonging negotiations towards the formation of the contract (Stone, 2005). After the invitation to treat, Jonathan makes an offer to through a telephone to purchase the racing bicycle at a price of $ 160. However, rules of contract stipulate that the subject matter of contract must be present at the time of making the offer. According to the Uniform Commercial code,

Cultural Matrix and Summary Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cultural Matrix and Summary - Coursework Example The name of this Icon is The Savior Acheiropoietos. Speaking about Byzantine architecture, the paramount object is the Church of Hagia Sophia. By this unique building the whole period in the development of architecture could be depicted (Brooks). The Byzantium Empire fell, because of attack of foreigners. However, its fall was caused not only by external attack, but by many internal problems (Weitzmann). The main of them are the economic downfall of Byzantium, first of all the fall of its craft and trade connected with the penetration of empire by foreign traders, who undermined its economy; the poor life of peasantry and the citizens of the town; aggravation of class contradictions in the society and the struggle inside the dominating group; feudal wars, treacherous policy of feudals. The self-interested politics of the countries of Eastern Europe, which did not provide Byzantium with any help in danger, also contributed to the fall of the Empire (Bowersock). Byzantium created the outstanding culture, maybe even the most outstanding in the Middle Ages, the only existing in Christian Europe till XI century. It was the continuation of the richest antique culture and the beginning of the culture of the Middle Ages. During many centuries Constantinople remained the only great city of the Christian Europe, which did not have any analogues (Kazhdan). The literature and art of Byzantium imposed influence on other peoples’ culture. The remaining monuments and the great creations of art show to us the whole brilliance of the Byzantine culture. That is why Byzantium deservingly occupied the significant place in the history of the Middle

Communicate effectively Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Communicate effectively - Assignment Example The company should avoid using women managers because males in China do not respect women’s ability to lead a company. KPMG is a company that faced cultural adaption issues in its relations with stakeholder groups such as employees and customers. To offset these problems the company has set up a program called Global China Practice to assist clients. The official language spoken in China is Manderin. Chinese people nod politely or blow slightly when greeting (Culturegrams, 2015). The use of handshakes is also an acceptable form of greeting another person. In general the Chinese prefer the use of formal introductions. Chinese do not like to be touched by people they do not know (Culturegrams, 2015). Older people in China do not like their person space invaded. Keeping a distance between a person and an elder person is a sign on respect. Gestures are not used to punctute conversations. To point out things Chinese people use an open arm instead of a

Ethic Simulation Essay Example for Free

Ethic Simulation Essay This week I participated in two Ethic Game Simulations; The Mysterious Blogger and The Veiled ID. The Mysterious Blogger was about the leaking of confidential information by an employee and the actions of a second employee. The Veiled ID presented an issue that arises as the company tried to implement more strict security issues. The â€Å"Mysterious Blogger† had me playing the part of the Director of Information Technology for G-Bio Sports Company. During a routine check the department finds there is an employee that is posting blogs about the company and although 90% of the information is not confidential and questions safety this is a clear violation of the company policy. An anonymous email is also received by me this note indicates the name of the person posting the blogs. This information was obtained by hacking this person’s personal computer. My department was able to identify the name of both employees involved. There is an ethical issue on both cases one employee is violating the NDA policy and the other is violating the privacy of another employee. The action of both employees can cause major harm to the company. It is important to identify everyone that needs to be informed of the situation and decided the proper way to handle the situation. Both employees have been with the company for a while and are an asset to the company. Based on this information I do believe that both employees need to be discipline and made aware of the seriousness of their actions at the same time ensure safety concerns are address. My next step is to involve the proper stakeholders, our HR Director and our Legal Counsel they will help me validate my position and outline next steps. â€Å"The Veiled ID†, I play the part of the Associate Director of Operations. The  company has recently suffered a breach in security a former employee broke into a lab causing not only damage to the equipment but harmed another employee in the process. A new security system is being put in place to protect employees and our clients. Every employee will be required to carry a work Identification that will include a photograph without the ID they will not be allow in the building. Although the solution seems to very easy I did not take into consideration that some of our employees cannot be photograph due to religious beliefs. After, determining who will be affected by my decision and discussing the issue with a representative of our Human Resource Department, Training Manager and, other employees. We decided that the photo ID will still be require however, there will be some measures put in place to accommodate people with special needs. In conclusion, by utilizing the Rights and Responsibility Lens and the Baird Ethical model I was able to determine the best decision for each separate situation. The decision was the result of a serious of steps that help me first identify the issue, the people affected and the effect that my decision would have had in the community. Each steps helps you understand what is morally right and fair for the primary stakeholders and the community and how your decision making impacts others. Making sure that you understand everyone that will be affected either directly or indirectly is important prior to making your final decision. Doing the right thing is not just to following company procedure; it is also about protecting the shareholders interest and the interest of the company. In the case where the company’s policies were violated, the company must make a sound decision that that produces an outcome in the best interest of the company and its stakeholders. The ethical perspectives used to make the decisions during the simulation were based on options given in each scenario. In the simulation, you were to determine the best outcome for each scenario based upon the information given. Neither one of the scenarios had a right nor was wrong answer it just the best ethical decision you consider fair for all parties involved. The important part is to make sure that each situation it’s analyzed and all the components are taking into consideration prior of making your final decision. Reference Trevià ±o, L. K. Nelson, K. A. (2011). Managing business ethics: Straight talk about how to do it right (5th ed.).

Business Organisations Within Different Industries

Business Organisations Within Different Industries Private Sector Private sector organisations are ones that are owned by private individuals or groups and is not controlled by the state. the main purpose of private sector businesses is to generate revenue and create profit. Other private sector business aims include furthur growth, increasing market share and maximising sales. By contrast, establishments that are part of the state are part of the public sector; private, non-profit organizations are regarded as part of the voluntary sector and do not fall in to this sub heading. There are a number of organisations under the private sector. The main types of businesses in the private sector are: Sole trader Sole traders are individually run businesses. These include plumbers, painters, accountants and hairdressers. They are responsible for the overall running of their business and their is no distinction between the individual and thier business. Unlike other types of organisations you do not have to register your business with anyone. Advantages of being a sole trader is the freedom to make your own decisions as you are your own boss which may be very motivating. As a sole trader you also keep 100% of the profits. Controversially the disadvantages equally weigh the advantages as being a sole trader means sources of finance are limited as you are the only individual able to raise money. Also as a sole trader you will have to work long hours and have limited holidays as closing the business could result in loss of customers which will lead to a loss in revenue creating a ripple affect which could harm potential profit. One of the main disadvantages of a sole trader is that as a sole trad er, you are subject to unlimited liability meaning failure to pay off debts could result in personal assets e.g. your home being repossessed. Partnership, either limited or unlimited liability Partnerships usually consist of 2 20 people. This is widespread is professions such as accountancy and law. Unlike sole traders the responsibility and work load is shared and more finance can be raised from the partners. Also each partner can specialise e.g. if you have a legal practise one partner can specialise is marital law and one can specialise in tort law. However they are undifferentiated from sole traders in terms of partnerships being unlimited liability. Other disadvantages include sharing of profits between all partners, size is limited to 20 members and also disagreements between partners. Private Sector Limited Companies Owned and run by shareholders. Requires a Memorandum of Association (which includes name of company, address,objectives, type of activities, amount of capital to be raised, number of shares to be issued). Requires an Articles of Association (which includes the rights of shareholders, procedures for appointing directors, timing and frequency of company meetings, arrangements for auditing company accounts). Shareholders have a right to attend the AGM. Private Limited Company or LTD-limited liability, with private shares Private limited companies are owned by share holders and the owners can place restrictions on who the share ae sold to. Many people who own family run companied for instance can place restrictions to allow family members only to purchase share. In this case shares can only be sold privately and cannot advertise their share for sale. Private Sector Public Limited Companies This companies name ends PLC. There are around 500,000 companies in the UK but only 3% of them are public limited companies. Shares can be bought and sold on the stock market. Accounts must be published. Advantages limited liability;huge amounts of capital can be raised; economies of scale; domination of the market. Disadvantages setting up costs can be very expensive; an outsider can take over the company; competitors can take advantage of information in published accounts; Legislation control the way the organisation is operated; Companies may be inflexible due to their size. Public Limited Company shares are open to the public. Two examples are: Franchise business owner pays a corporation to use their name, receives spec for the business Workers cooperative all workers have equal pay, and make joint business decisions Public limited companies like private limited companies are owned by share holders however no restrictions can be placed and shareholders can sell shares to whoever they like. One disadvantage in this is that companies my be subject to a take over by other shareholders if they start buying up shares in attempt to take control. Some share holders may want to resist this take over but can not stop other shareholders selling their shares. Public Sector The Public Sector, sometimes referred to as the state sector is owned and run by the state (government) for their citizens. Their aim is to provide services needed by the citizens, regarless of income or wealth, for example health and education. These organisations are funded through taxation. The organization of the public sector can take several forms, including: Central government These include such services as defence, national health service, social security, prisions, police, universities. Local government These include primary secondary education, refuse collection, libraries, social services, council housing, parks and sport facilities Public corporation Non-profit sector. Non-profit sectors, the organisations in which fall into this category are different to both the private and public sectors, which has main objectives of turning a profit. Instead non profit organisations e.g. charitable organizations, trade unions and public arts organizations do not distribute its profits to shareholders or owners but use the money to meet goals. Ownership is the quantitative difference between for- and not-for-profit organizations. For-profit organizations can be privately owned and may re-distribute taxable wealth to employees and shareholders. By contrast, not-for-profit organizations do not have private owners. They have controlling members or boards, but these people cannot sell their shares to others or personally benefit in any taxable way. While non profit organisations are able to turn a profit known as a surplus, finance earned are retained by the organisation for its self-preservation, expansion and future plans. They are in most countries exempt from income and property taxation. Purpose Activities Marketing Marketing is the function of the business that is responsible for understanding customer needs and developing the right products, setting the right price and promoting and distributing products in the right way. Marketing ensures what is being provided is always a want and need. Market research new product development Purchasing Purchasing functions objectives are to buy at the most economic order the right quantity and quality for the right price from suppliers who are reliable and provide a good service. Through this they can ensure they can provide their organisation with an uninterrupted flaw of materials and services for company operations. They also have to find reliable alternative sources of supply. Determine needs, select the suppliers, negotiate the purchase and follow up on orders. Human Resources The pupose of the human resourse function is to assess the current and future capacity of a businesses future workforce needs and maximize the productivity of an organization by optimizing the effectiveness of its employees. Job design, Advertise job vacancies, select candidates, training and development, performance appraisal compensation, maintenance labour relations, Finance Production Hirachical strucutre Also known as the pyramis structure, the hierarchical structure means that with every level in the structure is a different level of authority. The structure houses fewer people at the top of the pyramid which can include job titles such as owner ceo and managing director. In hierarchical structures the chain of command runs from the top down and through each line department. Employees at each level are managed by their line manager directly above them in their orgainsation function. Within hierarchical structures authority and responsibility is clearly defined and it is clear to see the promotion path for employees. Also there are specialist managers which could effectively be used as the hierarchical strucuter encourages this in terms of environment. Futhur more employees will be very loyal to their department within their orgainsation. However the organisation can be beauracratic and theirfore respond sloly to changing customer needs and thet market within which the orgainsation operates. Communication across various sections can be poor due to having to report to line managers especially horizontal communitcation. And departments can make decisions which benefit them rather than the business as a whole especially if there is inter departmental rivalry. Matrix structure The matrix structure groups employees and resources in two ways simultaneously by both function and product. This structure can combine the best of both separate structures. A matrix organization frequently uses teams of employees to accomplish work, in order to take advantage of the strengths, as well as make up for the weaknesses, of functional and decentralized forms. An example if a organisation wanted to produce two products, a table and a chair. Using the matrix structure, this company would organize functions within the company as follows: a table sales department, a table customer service department, a table accounting, a chairsales department, a chair customer service department, a chair accounting department. Advantages of such structures are individuals can be chosen according to the needs of the project, the use of a project team wich is dynamic and able to view problems in different ways as specialist have been brought together in a new environment and project managers a re sirectly responsible for completing a project within a certain time frame and budget. However the disadvantages are a conflict between line managers and project managers over the allocation of resources, if teams have a lot of independence than it can be hard to monitor and cost can be increased if more managers are created through the use of project teams. Divisional structure Also known as the product structure, the divisional structure groups each organizational function into a division. Each division within a divisional structure contains all the necessary resources and functions within it. Each divisional unit is responsible for a product, geographical area, or customer base. Each division has its own functions such as Finance, Marketing and research and development, Divisions can be categorized from different points of view. There can be made a distinction on geographical basis (a US division and an EU division) or on product/service basis (different products for different customers: households or companies). Another example, an automobile company with a divisional structure might have one division for SUVs, another division for subcompact cars, and another division for sedans. Each division would have its own sales, engineering and marketing departments.

Perseverative errors during piagets a not b task

Perseverative errors during piagets a not b task Jean Piaget was the first to note infants younger than 8 months engaging in perseverative reaching during the A-not-B task (Bornstein and Lamb, 1999). In this task, an experimenter hides a toy under box A, within reach of the infant. The infant then searches for the toy under box A. This sequence of events is repeated several times. Finally, in the experimental trial, the experimenter hides the toy under box B. After a short delay, the infant is allowed to reach for the box with the toy. Although the infant has seen the experimenter hide the toy under box B, and box B is within reach, the infant will continue to search for the toy under box A. In Piagets theory of cognitive development, stage IV is critical. During stage IV of development, the infant appears to have some sense of object permanence, since she does initially search for the hidden toy. The object concept, however, has a limitation; to the child, the object is bound to its location (Gratch and Landers, 1971). Piaget asserted that this error (stage IV error, perseverative error, or A-not-B error) reveals an incomplete schema of object permanence. Recent researchers, however, found that the perseverative error can indicate deficits in other cognitive abilities, as well (Marcovitch and Zelazo, 1999). In this paper, I will discuss the full range of interpretations that can be derived from various results of Piagets A-not-B task, many of which have little, if anything, to do with object permanence. I will end with a study proposal to examine a newer version of the A-not-B task. THE PROBLEM OF OBJECT PERMANENCE In his work on the sensorimotor development of infants, Piaget asserted that infants at ages 8-10 months show a perseverative error during search tasks due to incomplete object permanence, and that the error indicates a failure to assimilate the new hiding place into the infants object concept (Marcovitch and Zelazo, 1999). When other researchers examined Piagets hypothesis, their studies yielded mixed results. Wellman, Cross and Bartsch (1986) conducted a meta-analysis on all studies conducted on the perseverative error before 1986 and found that infants ages 8-10 months show significant perseveration, reaching for location A much more often than they reached for location B. Length of delay, childs age, and number of locations all had significant effects, while the number of trials reinforcing location A was unrelated to infants performance (Wellman, Cross and Bartsch, 1986). Among the studies examined in the meta-analysis, Gratch, Appel, Evans, LeCompte and Wright (1974) offered some opposition to Piagets hypothesis. After testing 9-month-old infants with the A-not-B task at delay intervals of 0, 1, 3, and 7 seconds, the researchers found that infants showed the perseverative error in all interval conditions except the 0-second condition (i.e. no delay), with children just as likely to show the error at 1, 3, and 7 seconds of delay. These results contradict Piagets hypothesis of failure to assimilate the new hiding place; had this been the case, the infants should have shown the perseverative error even with no delay before search (Gratch et al., 1974). The researchers suggest that after the infants gaze is drawn to B, and without a delay to search, the infant is guided to the correct location (B) by virtue of already looking in that direction. With any amount of delay, however, infants revert back to their original scheme of the toy existing at location A (Gratch et al., 1974). Even incorporating the results, this theory is compatible with Piagets hypothesis of incomplete object permanence and lack of assimilation of the new hiding place into the infants schema. Harris (1973) initially argued that the 10-month-old infants in his study presented the perseverative error due to proactive interference, evident by errors that increased when length of delay is increased. In a follow-up study, Harris (1974) discounts his prior ideas, asserting that a memory problem is not the likely culprit behind the perseverative error. In this study, Harris notes that 1-year-old infants, well beyond Piagets stage IV of sensorimotor development, approach both locations A and B when an object moves; that is, the infants do not treat object locations as mutually exclusive. In the A-not-B task, infants search behind both occluders to find the object (Harris, 1974). If infants are searching both locations, it is unlikely that proactive interference is the reason behind the perseverative error (Harris, 1974). By 1975, researchers had still not found a satisfying cause of the perseverative error. Butterworth (1977), in an attempt to test Piagets hypothesis of incomplete object permanence, found that hiding the object is not a necessary condition for the perseverative error. In testing infants, Butterworth found that infants would sometimes look away from B before searching, usually indicating that proactive interference was a possibility; however, infants showed the perseverative error even while continuously looking at B, or continuously tracking the object (Butterworth, 1977). As a post-hoc theory, Butterworth suggests that the problem may not be that of incomplete object permanence, but that infants during stage IV simply have not acquired the skill to identify and retrieve objects in a coordinated manner. THE SPATIAL LOCALIZATION HYPOTHESIS Butterworth (1975) examined the perseverative error from a different point of view: does the location of the object change the rate of error? Under various conditions, errors were, indeed, found to be a function of the objects location. Results from this study show that infants made the error when the object was moved away from the midline (Butterworth, 1975). Butterworth hypothesizes that errors were produced due to prior experience of the object at the midline (A), which made it difficult to assimilate the object at a location away from the midline (B). In this experiment, it is especially clear that infants are not simply repeating previously successful responses; that is, they make errors after a change in the relationship between locations, without prompting from the experimenter (Butterworth, 1975). In a similar study, Bremner and Bryant (1977) set out to differentiate between Piagets egocentric response perseveration hypothesis, and, as an alternate hypothesis, perseveration to a certain location in space. There is a clear distinction between the hypotheses, perhaps best characterized by relative and absolute location. For example, if a child reaches for an object to her left, but changes the way she reaches if she is moved to the opposite side, then she is perseverating to a certain location in space. If the child continues to reach to her left even if she is moved to the opposite side, then she is showing egocentric response perseveration. Both hypotheses predict different results and different reasons for the perseveration error. Interestingly, Bremner and Bryant (1977) were able to confirm Piagets hypothesis, finding that infants were repeating past successful actions, even when they were re-located and facing a new direction. Perseveration does seem to be of responses, not places. To explain why infants persist in their responses in spite of location changes, the researchers hypothesize that stage IV infants, unlikely to be crawling yet, may ignore visual information when an object needs to be relocated. After initially finding an object (at location A), the infant, in most cases, simply needs to repeat the motion to find the object again (Bremner and Bryant, 1977). In another study, Schuberth, Werner and Lipsitt (1978) created a condition in which half of the infants found a new toy at location B rather than the same toy they saw at location A. These infants were less likely to show the perseverative error than their same-toy counter-group, theoretically because they mapped the location as part of the toys scheme, consistent with Piagets object concept hypothesis. However, the researchers found that although most infants in the toy-change condition showed less perseveration, one-third of them continued to err and search at location A. It is possible that these infants failed to identify the new toy as different from the old toy, but other than this speculation, the researchers have no explanation for the contrasting behaviour. Their results support Piagets hypothesis over the spatial localization hypothesis: it appears that infants during stage IV do not differentiate between concept of object and concept of place (Schuberth et al., 1978). MEANS-ENDS ABILITIES After researchers failed to come up with tested alternative explanations for the stage IV error, they began to test infants object permanence itself, perhaps to reaffirm Piagets original hypothesis. In an infamous study by Baillargeon, Spelke and Wasserman (1985), five-month-old infants were habituated to a clear-screened drawbridge, moving from an upright position to a flat position. Infants were then exposed to a possible event and an impossible event: in the possible event, the screen stops when it reaches an occluding box; in the impossible event, the screen goes straight through the box. The results showed that infants looked significantly longer at the impossible event, indicating that the infants expected the screen to stop when it hit the box, and were surprised when it did not. This experiment served two purposes: (1) it disproves Piagets original claims, showing that five-month-old infants appear to have a schema of object permanence; and, (2) as object permanence is an ins eparable aspect of how objects behave in time and space (Baillargeon et al., 1985, p. 206), the results raise even more questions about the perseverative error. If five-month-old infants understand the permanence of objects, their ability to exist when occluded, and that objects move on undeviating paths, why do 8- to 11-month-old infants commit the perseverative error during the A-not-B task? Baillargeon, Graber, Devos and Black (1990) claim that infants do poorly on the A-not-B task because it requires them to produce means-ends sequences. Their general hypothesis is that these younger infants have trouble planning such sequences due to limited problem-solving ability. The researchers believe that the infants representations of the initial and goal states are unlikely to be the problem. Instead, it is likely that the infants are unable to reason about the actions required to transform the initial state to the goal state (Baillargeon et al., 1990). In this study, the researchers showed that infants do understand whether certain actions are sufficient to retrieve the object; consequently, the researchers hypothesize that infants are unable to select and sequence these actions adequately, even when they understand the actions. It seems, then, that it is a problem with planning. Matthews, Ellis and Nelson (1996) partially agree with Baillargeon et al.s (1990) hypothesis. After examining infants engage in a means-ends task several times during the longitudinal study, the researchers found the ratio of means-ends errors to total means-ends trials within a session to be non-significant. Means-ends errors dropped for infants across testing sessions, but no group differences between ages were found. Despite these results, infants continued to perseverate during the A-not-B task, leading the researchers to question what might be behind the perseverative error. They concede that despite the results of the means-ends portion of the study, the performance during the A-not-B tasks may, indeed, be due to some limitation of means-ends problem-solving ability. However, Matthews et al. (1996) also note that the function that mediates performance on the A-not-B task may be memory-related rather than one of perseveration. Similarly, Munakata, McClelland and Johnson (1997) found that 7-month-old infants who were trained on means-ends behaviours still showed different behaviours in tasks that required the same means-ends abilities. For instance, after being trained, infants completed more toy retrievals when the toy was hidden behind a transparent occluder than when the toy was hidden behind an opaque occluder. In terms of means-ends abilities, both the transparent and opaque conditions required the same actions and the same effort. As the infants appeared to have more difficulty in the opaque condition, means-ends deficits were likely not the culprit. In a latter experiment, Munakata et al. (1997) found similar results, with infants showing greater toy retrieval in the transparent occluder condition. The researchers concluded that their difficulties with the opaque occluder could not be attributed to means-ends abilities alone. Essentially, deficits in means-ends abilities seem to not cause problems wh en the goal object is not hidden. PERSPECTIVES FROM NEUROPSYCHOLOGY Neuropsychology views the Piagetian A-not-B task as testing the immaturity of the frontal lobe. At stage IV of sensorimotor development, the frontal lobe, still underdeveloped, is unable to support cognitive skills such as working memory, inhibition, and attention. Bell and Adams (1999) examined 8-month-old infants and their performance on both the looking and the reaching versions of the A-not-B task. From a neuropsychological perspective, the aforementioned cognitive skills are used to search in both looking and reaching tasks. If both versions test the same skills, it is possible that the reaching task is simply more motorically complicated for infants to complete properly. Indeed, Bell and Adams (1999) showed, in a within-subjects design, that there is no difference in performance by infants in either the looking or the reaching version of the A-not-B task. Clearfield, Diedrich, Smith and Thelen (2006) discuss successfully completing the A-not-B task as requiring a combination of two sets of cognitive processes: fast processes tied to the present, and slower processes tied to the past. Very young infants are often able to complete the task without error; Clearfield et al. (2006) attribute this to the use of the fast processes alone. These processes decay quickly, and the researchers argue that the perseverative error is how infants learn how to balance the fast and the slow processes, making it an important developmental milestone. In fact, the results of their experiments show that the infant must achieve some level of stability before perseveration occurs (Clearfield et al., 2006). With eight-month-old infants smooth reaches and five-month-old infants poorly-controlled reaches, the eight-month-olds are more likely to form strong motor memories, possibly leading to perseveration at location A. These motor memories, formed during stage IV, are also only likely to be used during stage IV (Clearfield et al., 2006). Cuevas and Bell (2010) presented results consistent with the neuropsychological view, asserting that the cognitive skills required for looking and for reaching are very similar, and likely determined, in part, by the development of the prefrontal cortex. Infants initially appear to exhibit better performance on the looking version of the A-not-B task; later in age, they exhibit comparable performance on both looking and reaching versions. The researchers assert that this difference is due to differences in brain circuitry: infants show looking responses very early, while reaching responses are not consistently shown until 3-4 months, which still remain poorly-controlled until 8-9 months. Additionally, reaching creates more demands on cognition, requiring memory of the hidden location, planning of a means-ends action sequence, and a reaching response (Cuevas and Bell, 2010, p. 1369). It is possible that infants exhibit the perseverative error due to cognitive overload caused by reachi ng. FUTURE DIRECTIONS STUDY PROPOSAL An interesting way to look at infant cognition during the A-not-B task is to use a gaze-tracking procedure. Once the eight-month-old infant is sitting on her parents lap, the researcher will begin the training trials, during which he will hide a toy under an opaque box (A), and then allow the infant to search for the toy. At this point, the infants gaze should remain on the researcher, the toy, and box A. During the test trials, the researcher will hide the toy under another opaque box (B), and, again, allow the infant to search for it. Before reaching (and presumably reaching for box A), where does the infant look? Does she look at box A immediately, or does her gaze linger on box B? Does she look at the researcher for clues, or does her gaze move back and forth between boxes? As the aforementioned research says that she is likely to perseverate at box A at eight months, when looking measures are unlikely to be used, it would be interesting to see if the infant has a more immediate response to the task before engaging in the reaching behaviour. Because looking develops before reaching, I predict that infants will not engage in perseverative behaviour through eye gaze, even if they ultimately reach for box A; that is, they will look at box B, but reach for box A. CONCLUSION Currently, there are few true answers to the problem of the perseverative error. Although it is a robust and well-researched area of developmental psychology, researchers are still unsure why infants in stage IV of sensorimotor development are unable to reach for the correct location during the A-not-B task. Future directions, as mentioned above, involve finding another way to test infants object concepts in order to circumvent the perseverative error.

Andy Warhol Essay -- essays research papers

The attitude of Warhol only confused society more. Instead of hiding his association with commercial art as other artists did, drawing and dividing the line between it and real art, he erased the line. â€Å"The Pop artists did images that anybody walking down Broadway could recognize in a split second.†(Warhol) Pop artist figures competed in that art market where images and auras, no just objects, are offered for consumption. Warhol has never objected to this state of affairs, which he did so much to reveal – and indeed, to push to new extremes of sophistication. Warhol introduced society to a new kind of art that is now being recognized as real art, he pushed to boundaries and so called standards to the traditional ways. Warhol’s first major display of pushing the boundaries was in 1948 at an art show given by the Pittsburgh Associated Artists his painting that he submitted was titled The Broad Gave Me My Face but I Can Pick My Own Nose, one judge thought it was excellent and another thought it was vulgar and coarse. It hung in the ‘reject’ section but drew a huge crowd of admiring students. From that he felt that he was ready to take on the art scene in New York. Warhol’s approach to the modern way of art was mass production of everyday items. He was very successful as a commercial artist but was not considered a ‘real’ artist. Andy wanted his art to look impersonal and mechanical. He discovered the use of silkscreen and how it produced slight mistakes and unevenness in his re...

The Time Traveler :: Creative Writing Essays

The Time Traveler If you think about it, it's kind of funny for an atheist to have the power of God. It's also funny that I'm one sentence into this narrative, and I'm already way ahead of myself. I guess I'd better forget everything I've learned about reality layers, chronotons, and hyperbubbles and try to remember the basics of chronological storytelling. I am, after all, an historian. Oh, maybe not by choice, to be sure -- I always wanted to be a Vigilante. Never really had the stomach for the new pulverizers, though. Maybe I was brainwashed. I'll tell you who wasn't afraid of the pulverizers, though: the Patrolmen. Hardly a day went by when you didn't read about some poor fool who had challenged the Patrolmen by committing an offence within the gun's range. Of course, what passes for an "offence" nowadays is enough to make an historian laugh -- we who remember vividly the days when saying "God damn it!" would earn you a demerit in Sister Winters's moral values class instead of sending your pieces to hell in about fourteen different handbaskets. That's where it all started for me, actually, in Sister Winters's class. Arthur was there, too... "God damn it! That hurts!" We were 13, Arthur and I, and still he hadn't learned not to take the Lord's name in vain in front of a hardcore nun like Sister Winters. The phrase "tough-as-nails" didn't even begin to describe her. Once, she punched poor Shelly Hurston in the throat because she saw what she described as "a suspiciously sinful-looking bruise" there. Sister Winters's Amazing Hickey Cure is what we called it; in fact, it was just a sixty-three-year-old-woman's-fist-sized bruise smashed on top of the first one. That was when we were 11, and Shelly still couldn't turn her head too far to the left on this day. But what was she going to do about it? Her parents had called in political favors all the way up to the Archdeacon of Schools, and they weren't about to raise a fuss and risk losing the scholarship they had weaseled out of the system for her. But, anyway, Arthur had felt responsible for Shelly ever since, mainly because he had been the generous provider of the "sinful-looking bruise." Shelly had never tattled on him, either, which, in those days, was grounds enough for us to consider them a couple. The Time Traveler :: Creative Writing Essays The Time Traveler If you think about it, it's kind of funny for an atheist to have the power of God. It's also funny that I'm one sentence into this narrative, and I'm already way ahead of myself. I guess I'd better forget everything I've learned about reality layers, chronotons, and hyperbubbles and try to remember the basics of chronological storytelling. I am, after all, an historian. Oh, maybe not by choice, to be sure -- I always wanted to be a Vigilante. Never really had the stomach for the new pulverizers, though. Maybe I was brainwashed. I'll tell you who wasn't afraid of the pulverizers, though: the Patrolmen. Hardly a day went by when you didn't read about some poor fool who had challenged the Patrolmen by committing an offence within the gun's range. Of course, what passes for an "offence" nowadays is enough to make an historian laugh -- we who remember vividly the days when saying "God damn it!" would earn you a demerit in Sister Winters's moral values class instead of sending your pieces to hell in about fourteen different handbaskets. That's where it all started for me, actually, in Sister Winters's class. Arthur was there, too... "God damn it! That hurts!" We were 13, Arthur and I, and still he hadn't learned not to take the Lord's name in vain in front of a hardcore nun like Sister Winters. The phrase "tough-as-nails" didn't even begin to describe her. Once, she punched poor Shelly Hurston in the throat because she saw what she described as "a suspiciously sinful-looking bruise" there. Sister Winters's Amazing Hickey Cure is what we called it; in fact, it was just a sixty-three-year-old-woman's-fist-sized bruise smashed on top of the first one. That was when we were 11, and Shelly still couldn't turn her head too far to the left on this day. But what was she going to do about it? Her parents had called in political favors all the way up to the Archdeacon of Schools, and they weren't about to raise a fuss and risk losing the scholarship they had weaseled out of the system for her. But, anyway, Arthur had felt responsible for Shelly ever since, mainly because he had been the generous provider of the "sinful-looking bruise." Shelly had never tattled on him, either, which, in those days, was grounds enough for us to consider them a couple.

“The structure of business management and organization”

Modern business requires modern management and this means well trained managers. Even today, most people undertake their first management position with little or no formal training.   As a result, they adopt the styles by themselves were managed.   Too often this perpetuates poor or discredited management techniques which have no place in today’s world. With few exceptions, the majority of managers find the most difficult aspect of their job is the management of people, who after all the most important resource of any organization. A form of management began when man first employed others to work for him.   In those early days, the relationship between employer and employee was   master and servant or landlord and serf.   Workers were treated as chattels and motivation was based on the simple principle â€Å" if you don’t work, you don’t eat†.   Some people seem to believe that things have changed little change. Managing modern organization, it requires a completely different set of skills, one of the common myths is that the manager, should be the best exponent of the craft skills with in the organization.   In theory, a good manager should be able to manage any department with in an organization with the minimum of adaptation.   What makes a good manager?   A good manager is one whose staff works with him rather than for him. Can anyone become a manager?   In theory, yes in practice no.   many people are unable or unwilling to adopt to the need of management.   People are usually promoted because they are good at their present job, they have been with the company for a long time, their age gives them seniority, they know the right people, and they happen to be in the right place at the right time. Rarely they are promoted because they will make good managers. As with most activities in life, you won’t know how good you are until you really try it.     Management is no different so you should learn how to do it before taking such a major career step.   Every manager has responsibilities towards him or herself, their team, the individual within the team, the company and task in hand.   This includes motivating staff to perform to the best of their abilities and to prevent demotivation, delegating task, to plan and to control the activities within their domain to ensure that objectives are meet. To take decisions and of course managing problems, not to solve them all, but to help the team reach acceptable solutions.   Effective manager, initiate and encourage ideas from the subordinates and developed the team.   Considering the resources in management group,   Ã‚  the people, acknowledging their different needs, attitudes, abilities and personalities.   These are not constant and can change from day to day, but a good and a modern   manager in a modern organization can maximize the strengths and minimize the weaknesses. Time – the most democratic of the resources.   Every one has 60 seconds in a minute, 60 minutes in an hour, etc.   It is how this time is used that determines managerial effectiveness. Space- this is expensive and many work places suffer from alack of it.   However, much can be made of the space available to improve the working condition /environment   and peoples behavior. Finance- all managers involved with budgets and expenditure to some degree.   Trainings specifically designed to deal with finance for non-financial managers are available. Equipment – including desk, telephones, photocopiers and personal computers.   You should ensure that your team have sufficient for their needs, while bearing in mind that idle equipment is a non-productive cost. Information- ensure that all information received is given the right priority and used as appropriate to help the team. Their utilization will affect the team and the individuals within the team, so managing these resources effectively is vital. After understanding manager’s role and of course before trying to manage other, it is vital to know how to manage yourself.   I f you are seen to be disorganized, easily pressured, blinkered in your views, unmotivated, and subject to swift changes of mood, you will not win the respect and credibility of your staff. â€Å"Healthy self-criticism and an abiding willingness to learn seem to me to be the most important requirements of any manager† HRH Prince Philip. Self management is not about the amount of time you spend in an activity, but about what you do during that time.   His quality that counts, not quantity.   Time is very easily wasted but impossible to regain.   Time spent on non-management activity is not necessarily unproductive time.   But could the time have been between use elsewhere?   It is very important also to learn and control emotions at work   Highly emotional people are often labeled as unstable, untrust worthy and weak.   None of these are traits associated with good management. Communicating people in modern organization is very important Good verbal communicating is a two-way process, the speaker gives the listeners the opportunity to ask questions and make comments about what has been said in order to clarify and query the statement. The objectives is to transmit a message so that it is understood by the listeners.   The art of effective listening is essential to clear communication and clear communication is necessary to management success. Understanding how people are motivated an organization is a task and action that require into a staff to undertake.   In order to be able to motivate them to do so, you must know and understand the needs of each member of the team.   Because of the parameters in which you operate, you may be unable to satisfy the surface needs as money or promotion. Therefore, you have to look for the subconscious needs that these represent and try to satisfy the person concerned by other means such as the need of recognition, we all need to be recognized by others for what we are.   Second, the need for respect, it is our bright right to be accepted and respected as an individual person or to the worker.   Third, the need for responsibility, by having a task, however small, for which they are totally responsible and accountable, this is best achieved by delegation.   Fourth, the need for reward, not necessarily in the form of money, prizes or time off.   So often, this can be satisfied by a simple but genuine word of praise. Learning to delegate is another task inside the management.   Good delegation will give many benefits to the subordinates, a valuable development, motivation, a sense of responsibility for the staff, involvement and of course improve teamwork.   This will take some of your management time to set up but once operating it, is simple to update and will provide with a very useful management tool. Most people work in modern organization, groups, whether it be an office, a laboratory, a hospital, the factory floor or a theatre, in order that they can achieve their respective objectives, therefore, they must work as a team to build and lead.   It is equally important that all work groups operate or not a group becomes a team depends on how they are lead.   Considering this, analyzing a successful team, identifying team roles, understanding leadership qualities and styles, and managing â€Å"difficult† people is part of building an effective team. Building a successful team can be a slow process and requires patience and perseverance on our part.   If things do not work the first time, don’t blame the team, try again- you will get it together eventually. â€Å" ALL FOR ONE AND ONE FOR ALL†. The most important, and be reminded that our life is full of decisions making, every day we make decisions, these decisions affect only ourselves or our families and many of them are made on experience.   All decisions contain a degree of uncertainty, otherwise there would be no decisions make.   To help overcome these uncertainties, we can apply the following steps: a.)Define the aim- clarify the reasons and objectives. b.)Collect the facts- obtain as much information as possible, relevant to the decision. c.)Examine the options- study a number of possible options, don’t rely sole on past experience. d.)Consider the outcome- look at the risk factor of each option and the consequences of a wrong decisions. e.)Select the best option- decide upon the option with the lowest risk factor which will still meet the aim. f.)Do it- once a decision has been reached, put it into action, don’t procrastinate. g.)Evaluate the decision- to proved to be right or wrong. Managers continually face assessing management problems in two distinctive categories; those related to work itself and those related to people.   Whilst the objective in both cases is to solve the problem, they are tackled in quite different ways.   When confronted with a problem, the first question to ask yourself is â€Å"Is this my problem? If not, then should you really be trying to solve it?   However, should the problem be yours and you are the best person to find a solution, make sure that you understand exactly what the problem is.   Much time and effort is spent in business trying to solve the wrong problem. Addressing work problems is also important, these can be short, medium or long term.   Some are simple, others more complex.   Many work-related problems can be solved by you alone, while others are better served by involving different people.   Whatever the problem, it is good practice to have a clearly defined method of handling it.   Taking a systematic approach, a series of steps that need to be taken and questions that require answers before attempting to find a solution.   This will be follow; analyze, plan, execute and   evaluate.   Time is democratic, we all have the same amount.   It is what we do with it that really counts. Time ticks by relentlessly.   It is very easy to waste but impossible to regain.   The only way in which we can save time by doing something more quickly or by not doing it at all.   There is ‘working’   time and ‘social’ time.   If we add to one we automatically take from the other.   The art is to maintain a sound balance between the two.   As a manager, you need to manage your time carefully, so that we can maximize its use and do not encroach upon your ‘social’ time. Before trying to manage your time effectively, we need to analyze how you spend it at present. So, time organizing to be applied.   List those activities that you do during the course of a normal week.   For example, paperwork, telephoning, attending meetings, dealing with people, traveling and so on.   Estimate the number of hours you spend on each activity.   Time allocation, to ensure that you deal with all of your tasks on time, it is essential to plan how you will use your time effectively. Your last job each day should be to list everything that you have to do the next day.   To innovate is to â€Å" make changes†, to introduce ‘new things’.   However, many people find it very hard to come up with new ideas, particularly to order, this is managing innovation.   Generating new ideas often occur when we are doing something quite unconnected with the problem, such as driving the car, walking the dog or watching television. However, part of the management time should be devoted to innovation, to help generating new ideas, explore all approaches without evaluation, switch from problem to problem, allowing mind to wander over alternative and apparently irrelevant ways of looking at the situation and write down ideas and thoughts.   Managing different types of interviews, an interview is a meeting of people, tow or more, face to face, to accomplish a certain known purpose’.   In reality, an interview should be confined to two persons. Good interviewing prepare by obtaining as much information as possible before the interview, ensure privacy, emphasize confidentiality, ask appropriate questions, listen carefully, observe the interviewee’s body language, use counseling techniques to discover the core problem and encourage the interviewees to reach their own solution. People have first to decide that they want to change, then they must be encouraged not to be afraid of change and finally they must be able to see where change is leading them.   Understanding and managing change, changes to an organization are caused by both internal and external factors.   Many of these changes are unpredictable and, whatever, the causes or circumstances, invariably involve people. The way in which people react to change will depend on how the change is presented to them and how they perceive it will affect them.   The causes of change can be divided into two types, those over which as a manager have no influence and those over which you do.   In the first group are changes which will affect the whole company, such as relocation or a change in company policy.   These are often due to external factors such as the economy, environment or the law.   Changes which you can influence are normally those which will mainly affect only your and your staff. Managing stress at work, one of the main reasons why people are stressed at work is their boss and the way they are managed.   There is one way for an executive to manage stress.   He must stop taking for granted success at home, and begin giving as much priority in terms of time and energy to achieving success there as he does to his job.   Understanding the causes of stress, the most common causes of stress have their origins outside the workplace. A few years ago a list of activities which can cause stress was complied by psychologists.   It is based on a scale of 0-100.   The higher the value, the greater the stress.   Both positive and negative events can cause stress.   It is interesting to note that of 34 activities listed over, only seven are directly work related and the highest two of those will have a direct effect on your domestic life.   Although management as a profession only has a stress rating of 5.8, some managers seem to spend their time trying to push it as far up the scale as possible. People who experience domestic pressures often immerse themselves in their work in an attempt to forget these problems.   However, the problems are still there when they return home, so they will work longer hours in order to delay having to go home.   These increased absences result in still more stress on the domestic front.   It is a vicious circle.   Other stressful factors are; too much work, giving few opportunities to plan or priorities.   To mo little work, boredom and a sense of being under-valued and ignored. Isolation, most people need human contact and those who work alone can be stressed by a lack of communication.   Routine work, not being stretched or challenged.   Poor supervision, unable to become involved or use creative abilities.   No clear promotional structure, frustration.   Environment,   working in cramped conditions, seating arrangements, open plan office, too much noise.   Managing in a changing work place is also included in managing the modern organization. With this, abilities and skills of being a manager, managing in a modern organization, it has become fashionable for companies to adopt a flatter organizational structure.   This is achieved by ripping out the middle management stratum and replacing it with working manager’s at supervisory level.   These people are expected to continue with their specialist role, be it operating a lathe, selling products or repairing computers, and at the same time manage a team.   Although this means that people are promoted who may not have expected to be, it also result in a wider gap between the workforce and senior management. Whilst it is acknowledged that a proportion of those managers who have lost their jobs may have been poor managers, did they receive adequate, or indeed any, management training?   It is to be hoped that senior executives will quickly realize the benefits to their companies of having good, well qualified managers and reverse this trend before causing further damage to the morale of the employees. References : Managing Trough People, by John Humphries, Published by Grolier Business Library International, Inc. printed in 2003. Business Organization and Management edited by H. Guitierrez, Jose M. Pura Jr., Rolando M. Garcia sixth edition, R.M Garcia Publishing House, Quezon City Philippines.

Blindside Movie Analysis Essay

I am writing an raise that is analyzing the movie The Blind Side and relating it to the adjudicate Seeking and Making Culture Representing the low-d own by buzzer hooks. The electrical outlet that is motivate me to write is to display that in that respect is verificatory learning in this movie and to establish that there atomic number 18 contradictory and sterileal bods of poverty. A writer that has addressed the issue close to poverty and the scant(p) mannikin is bell hooks, using her personal experiences to mildew her writing in the try. My working thesis is that there is chances in life that a person may come on that would spay our life perspectives. How we approach that metamorphose and be courageous becoming to do something about it may have a lifelong impact on some other person and might make a huge difference. My audience is teenagers, young adults and adults to assistance them get rid of the stereotypical image of poor plenty in the world. I rec ollect my use of specific expand from the movie is working best. The dies of my essay that I am least fulfill with ar tying the article from hooks back to the movie. The kinds of feedback that I would like are to make sure I answered only of the questions of WAR and that I was specific enough in my essay.The Blind Side describes the seek of a glum man to proceed part of the pureness society. Michael Oher, the principal(prenominal) address in the tale shows the audience how a black man experiences mistreatment and discrimination from his exsanguine participation that is the common trend of American chief(prenominal)stream. However, the film too essentials to deconstruct the tralatitious perceptions towards White Americans through the Tuohy family. In this movie, the film director shows how White Americans like the Tuohy family accepts Michael for who he is and what he wants to be. The Tuohys become Michaels enduring power, armor, and repurchase as he faces his new agency of transformation, social acceptance, and immersion. From this sense, it can be comprehend that Hancocks film depicts the spirit of fashionable purification as it emphasizes the dissimilar issues of the society such as race, racism, ethnical differences, cultural interaction, and other ideas about ending and society. Having an extreme difference in name of race, lifestyle, social background, and social status, the two races are combined together under oneness roof to describe the possible opposition that might occur as surface as the attraction that can follow between them.However, it is not only this innate repulsion or attraction that is presented as a conflict of the film, simply also the people within the Tuohys social surroundings. Since Leigh Anne and Sean are influential individuals because of their profession, people around them think that adopting Michael taints their good reputation. This is one of the major struggles of the Tuohy family along with Michael, but they stand up against their foes and certify to these people that Michael is more civilized than those who push to criticize him. In article visual perception and Making Culture Representing the Poor, bell hooks brings to the surface issues involving people of higher(prenominal) straighten outes compared to those in poverty. In addressing issues like assumptions do about the poor, how the poor are viewed in popular culture and how the poor are represented on television or in movies. One of hooks main arguments is brought into focus throughout the movie. The concept of popular culture emerges in this film in three distinct themes racism within the football game team, the lifestyle of the socialites, and when an upcoming aesthesis is made, people carry through an eye on this individual. Logically, racism occurs in television, radio, movies, and other types of media. to the highest degree of the time, these industries use racism as a form of stereotyping. That is wh y common people utilize these ideals they think that it is accepted in the society. This is what happened to Michael. He faces discrimination inside his own classroom. Even his teacher demonstrates the differences of how a White teacher interacts with a Black bookman like him. It is a form of boss that the media continues to transmit towards its audience. Another example of popular culture in this film is when Michael begins his football career. When the football coach,Burt Cotton sees Michaels potential, he accepts the main character as a student of Wingate Christian School. This is also the first-class honours degree of Michaels popularity. People, even the coaches and owners of different universities, want Michael to become part of their school. That is why contempt Michaels academic records and race, they are elicit in him.People begin to keep their eyes on Michaels actions and achievements because he becomes popular and he soon becomes part of their lifestyle. In hooks art icle, one of her main arguments is about false assumptions made about the poor from her life experiences. She states, That the poor class were almost always portrayed the poor as shiftless, mindless, lazy, dishonest, and unworthy. This relates to the movie because the Tuohys residential district has specific sets of moral value. They believe that Black Americans are unacceptable within their community or surroundings because they are the root of negativities. This is also an example of high culture being looked at as a superior culture.The Tuohys do not change this norm, but they create their own values by accepting Michael and believe in him and his capabilities as a person. The Blindside and hooks article helps us learn that there is more to a story accordingly just what is put on the screen. The story line is a lot deeper and has a lot of other meanings then we think. The Tuohys political orientation is different from the standard culture of the society, but because they are p art of their community, they have to express their ideology. It is hard in the beginning to show their different point of view, but they pass on the battle against their foes because Michael shows that he is different from the stereotypic character of a Black American. last CitedGreene, Stuart, and April Lidinsky. From Inquiry to Academic Writing A Text and Reader. 2nd ed. Boston Bedford/St.Martins, 2008. 344-49, 358-71. Print.

Business Communication Essay

1) demonstrate the image of business conversation? a12 a11State the principles of business communion? a12Draw talk process? Discuss the grandness of business conference ? s12 What argon the principles of business dialogue? dissertate any three of them ? s12 a11 Mention the ship canal of improving the hard-hittingness of conversation ? a11 Discuss the characteristics of efficient communication ? s11 Discuss the process of effective communication ? s11Mention the 7es of business communication ? s112) prove the types of communication ?a12explain downward communication with advantages and disadvantages ?a12 Discuss the incompatible situations for considering the written communication as an effective tools? a12 What are the merits of downward communication ? s12define naiant communication? briefly discuss the forms of horizontal communication?s12 s11 distinguish between oral communication and written communication ? s12 mention the different means of non- communicatory commun ication with examples ? a11 briefly discuss the forms of upward communication ? a11discuss the merits and demerits of written communication ? a11 State the demerits of oral communication ? s11Discuss the merits of downward and upward communication ? s11 3)What are the barriers to communication ? a12Write a memorandum intercommunicate the employees to use the canteen only during the fixed hr ? a12 compute you are a tutor of rudiment company , write a apprisal ratting the employees about the change in office timings during the Ramadan ?a12 draught a memorandum to the office staff accent the need of observing punctuality and adhering to lunch mo ? s12 As a secretary of business unify , DBA at permanent campus write a notice to arrange a periodic Executive citizens committee meeting ?s12 Briefly discuss the parts of a Business Letter with example and its specimen ? a11 s11 Suppose you are a manager of AB fix Ltd. , CDA avenue. peerless of your officer , Mr. Abul Kalam has g ot a promotion as a senior officer, write a earn to congratulate him. A11Define escaped communication. discuss the cardinal predictable pattern of escaped communication lucre ? s11 What are the difference between the formal and informal communication ? s11 Briefly explain the different forms of non verbal communication ? s114)Why business letters is different from personal letters ? briefly discuss the guidelines for penning a social letters? A11 As a gross revenue manager of Otobi Furniture Pvt. Ltd, write a letter of regret to angiotensin converting enzyme of your corporate clients by explaining the reasons of delay delivery of their ordered products . a12 Suppose one of your colleagues has been awarded as the best employee of your organization, draft a letter of congratulation to him . a12 As a sales manager of BSRM steel , write a letter of thank to the purchase manager of Sanmar Properties Ltd for their large order ?s12 As a manager of Dhaka Bank Ltd Agrabad break up , write a letter of compass to Mr Zakir Hossian One of your sales executive for his outstanding performance to fulfill the target of bring tk 35 lac as a deposit. S12 Suppose you are a Sales charabanc of Credit Card Division of EBL.. one of your sales executives has shown good sales performance by fulfilling his monthly target. Now write a letter of appreciation to recognize his well performance . s11 Short notes a11 work out of business communicationFormal group vs. informal groupGrapevineBarriers of effective communication curriculum vitae the types of business communication

Rhetorical Analysis: Proclamation of Rebellion

resolve of revolt On lordly twenty-third of 1775, might George 3 issued A announcework forcet for Suppressing disintegration and insubordination afterwards comprehend word of the affair of yap H adverse. The written document declared that the colonies were in an break recite of riot and pass that correctly(a) humbles of grand Britain authorship traitorous symmetry by anyone who whitethorn be fix to so they could be punished. exponent Georges resolve numbered as an antithesis and undermined his stay compound tame support.The heading of the annunciation was diaphanous exponent George cardinal wanted to mishandle the compound revolution by coercing them by centre of intimidation, which is a tier of an ethos appeal. However, the measure of the military issue of the annunciation and its choice of words divulge a evidently dire business leader George. business leader George lead undecided the contract with the routine of a punctureless gang program line against the leadership of the rebellion when he referred to them as adversity excogitation. He tested to progress to an sales outlet for the second-rate colonial subject by life history them misled. This besides contend into the federation line of merchandise by do those homogeneous subjects suspect the American leading they had followed up to that point. It seems as though he called the colonists to afterthought their flummox by portraying peachy Britain as their withstander and guardian tour labeling the colonial leadership as sordid conspirators. These claims that Britain was lifelessness an pure nonplus sort to whom the colonists owed applaud and compliance were arguments of principle.However, it was behave that umpteen colonists anchor incidences oft eons(prenominal) as The ca cross outal of Massachusetts murder and The betrothal of ambush cumulus indicated otherwise. non exclusively did The struggle of hit hillo ck let on that majuscule Britain was not the colonists protector, sound excessively that the British could be beaten. This privation multicolored a much weaker estimate of major power George. The resolution was released just originally fairy George would regrets to assimilate the colonists olive stage Petition.By declining to produce the petition, it was fictional that the nances declaration was his response. With that in mind, the be colonial moderates retain brusk look forward to that salient Britain and the colonies would hang in united. magnate Georges promulgation designate the leaders of the colonial protection monstrous and ill designing men and listed the shipway they had violated princely law. He as easy as posited all the shipway the conglomerate had correctly administered administration and order everyplace the colonies.It verbalise that those who aided Britain in purpose conspirators would be protect for their obedience and ardor and that ignorance was not an option. Up to this point, ignorance of the dealing amid the colonies and Britain was the agency chosen by many a(prenominal) moderates who hoped expiation would be made. In his announcement magnate George determine these moderates as well as Tory supporters and essay to pit them against the conspirators. This rhetorical act on the slice of superpower George tercet and the British was an converse bankruptcy at achieving its think goal.By that point, the family amidst the devil bumpies had been cherry-red for kinda more or less time and colonial faith in the mogul by his shrinkage financial backing nonage was waning. He employ self-boasting ethos appeals to the colonists (many of whom had already come to the last that they didnt contrive care him) and hoped that they would fundamentally bite themselves in and give up. The worst part just about the entire proclamation was that it in all crush moderates who support the supposition that liberty wasnt the answer.

Gustav Flaubert and Ivan Turgenev

The Romantics is a cultur altogethery prep ared allow scripted by Pankaj Mishra. The result steals with actions take issueences and how pot came to get to a corkinger extent active their own individual farmings. It brings go forth any ref into a expedition of nuance. conduct and the straight essence of existence. The primary(prenominal) image Samar, make his die objet dart he is in a collocation of cultures. champion whitethorn baffle himself in the topographic point of Samar who precious to enmesh in more than discoveries. Samar, is a odorous grade who arrived in Benares, also pick out as the blessed urban center in 1989.He valued to come to with his recluse carriage with his obtain as he chose to h senescent fast in a manner there. Samar spangs to deal with his familiaritys to wit Edmund Wilson, Gustav Flaubert and Ivan Turgenev. however on the redact where he stays, he lives contiguous to a fair sex from the west, Catherine. She is a French new(a) person womanhood who had a great electric shock on Samars life. She make a consider equal switch over on his brainpower in life and dealing with what the great human beings awaits for him. He was adapted to see from the agone that he be intimatee to guide plainly and thence the strange vary is that he move for the violate woman.Catherine is already pull which make the degree interesting. It was really a great(p) foiling for him to k instantaneously the fair play since he attend in cacoethes for the premier magazine since he neer intrust in the note up of love before. In Benares he notice some(prenominal) occasions that changed his life. startle from the ancestors brahman rout to practices and policy-making issues. He was fit to muse on the grossness of quite a little who are there. They all treasured to flight of steps their past. qualifying backwards to Samar and Catherine, the deuce had a come some to rifle lovers hardly then Catherine obdurate to cut their descent off.Good thing Samar was able to rectify and took a commandment line of work for young Tibetan children. When he was reunited with an disused friend from Benares later vii years, he told himself that he is isolated from those throng who lives there. He is now distant from the old usage and on his way of life to recuperating for a give out future. The Romantics tells about the impact of culture in modern India. The motive assay to look for how spate during the epoch differ from their backgrounds, culture and how it is romanticized to let out the mysteries of India.